Dalam bahasa Inggris lisan (spoken English), “is” dan “has” sering disingkat menjadi “‘s”. Hal ini dapat membingungkan karena bentuk penulisannya sama, namun makna dan fungsinya berbeda. Memahami cara membedakan keduanya sangat penting untuk memahami dan menggunakan bahasa Inggris dengan benar.
Kosakata Utama
| Kata | Part of Speech | Arti | Contoh |
|---|---|---|---|
| ‘s | contraction | singkatan dari is atau has | He’s working. / He’s worked. |
| is | verb (be) | adalah, sedang | She is happy. |
| has | verb (have) | telah, mempunyai | He has finished. |
| contraction | noun | bentuk singkat | “I’m” is a contraction of “I am”. |
| present progressive | noun | present continuous tense | He is listening to music. |
| present perfect | noun | present perfect tense | He has listened to music. |
Perbedaan Utama: ‘s sebagai Kontraksi
| ‘s | Bentuk Lengkap | Fungsi |
|---|---|---|
| ‘s | is | Present Progressive (sedang berlangsung) |
| ‘s | has | Present Perfect (telah selesai) |
Cara Membedakan ‘s = Is atau ‘s = Has
Kunci utama untuk membedakan adalah melihat kata yang mengikuti ‘s:
| Jika ‘s diikuti… | Maka ‘s adalah… | Tense |
|---|---|---|
| verb-ing | is | Present Progressive |
| verb-3 (past participle) | has | Present Perfect |
‘s = Is (Present Progressive)
“‘s” berarti “is” ketika diikuti oleh kata kerja dengan akhiran -ing (verb-ing). Ini menunjukkan Present Progressive atau Present Continuous Tense.
Pola: Subject + ‘s + verb-ing → Subject + is + verb-ing
| Kalimat dengan ‘s | Kalimat Lengkap | Terjemahan |
|---|---|---|
| He’s listening to music. | He is listening to music. | Dia sedang mendengarkan musik. |
| She’s working on a project. | She is working on a project. | Dia sedang mengerjakan proyek. |
| It’s raining outside. | It is raining outside. | Sedang hujan di luar. |
| They’re watching TV. | They are watching TV. | Mereka sedang menonton TV. |
| He’s playing football. | He is playing football. | Dia sedang bermain sepak bola. |
Keterangan: Present Progressive digunakan untuk kejadian yang sedang berlangsung saat ini.
‘s = Has (Present Perfect)
“‘s” berarti “has” ketika diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk ketiga (past participle/verb-3). Verb-3 untuk kata kerja beraturan (regular verbs) berakhiran -ed, sedangkan untuk kata kerja tidak beraturan (irregular verbs) menggunakan kolom ketiga dari daftar irregular verbs.
Pola: Subject + ‘s + verb-3 → Subject + has + verb-3
| Kalimat dengan ‘s | Kalimat Lengkap | Terjemahan |
|---|---|---|
| He’s listened to music. | He has listened to music. | Dia telah mendengarkan musik. |
| She’s finished her homework. | She has finished her homework. | Dia telah menyelesaikan PR-nya. |
| He’s gone to school. | He has gone to school. | Dia telah pergi ke sekolah. |
| It’s stopped raining. | It has stopped raining. | Hujan telah berhenti. |
| She’s written a letter. | She has written a letter. | Dia telah menulis surat. |
Keterangan: Present Perfect digunakan untuk kejadian yang sudah selesai dengan dampak yang terasa sampai sekarang.
Tabel Perbandingan Lengkap
| ‘s | Diikuti | Bentuk Lengkap | Tense | Fungsi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| He’s listening | verb-ing | He is listening | Present Progressive | Sedang berlangsung |
| He’s listened | verb-3 (-ed) | He has listened | Present Perfect | Sudah selesai |
| She’s working | verb-ing | She is working | Present Progressive | Sedang berlangsung |
| She’s worked | verb-3 (-ed) | She has worked | Present Perfect | Sudah selesai |
| It’s raining | verb-ing | It is raining | Present Progressive | Sedang berlangsung |
| It’s rained | verb-3 (-ed) | It has rained | Present Perfect | Sudah selesai |
Kata Kerja Beraturan vs Tidak Beraturan
Kata Kerja Beraturan (Regular Verbs)
Untuk kata kerja beraturan, verb-3 dibentuk dengan menambahkan -ed.
| Verb 1 | Verb 2 | Verb 3 | Contoh dengan ‘s = has |
|---|---|---|---|
| listen | listened | listened | He’s listened to music. |
| work | worked | worked | She’s worked all day. |
| play | played | played | They’ve played well. |
| finish | finished | finished | He’s finished the task. |
Kata Kerja Tidak Beraturan (Irregular Verbs)
Untuk kata kerja tidak beraturan, verb-3 tidak mengikuti pola -ed.
| Verb 1 | Verb 2 | Verb 3 | Contoh dengan ‘s = has |
|---|---|---|---|
| go | went | gone | He’s gone to London. |
| write | wrote | written | She’s written a book. |
| see | saw | seen | He’s seen that movie. |
| do | did | done | She’s done her homework. |
| eat | ate | eaten | He’s eaten breakfast. |
Penggunaan dalam Konteks Berbeda
Menyatakan Kejadian yang Sedang Berlangsung (‘s = is)
| Konteks | Contoh Kalimat |
|---|---|
| Aktivitas saat ini | He’s reading a book right now. |
| Cuaca | It’s snowing outside. |
| Pekerjaan | She’s working on a new project. |
| Pergerakan | They’re walking to school. |
| Perasaan | He’s feeling better today. |
Menyatakan Kejadian yang Sudah Selesai (‘s = has)
| Konteks | Contoh Kalimat |
|---|---|
| Pekerjaan selesai | She’s finished the report. |
| Pengalaman | He’s visited Paris twice. |
| Perubahan | The city’s grown a lot. |
| Pencapaian | She’s won the competition. |
| Kehilangan | He’s lost his keys. |
‘s untuk Kepemilikan (Possessive)
Selain sebagai kontraksi dari “is” atau “has”, “‘s” juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan (possessive). Ini berbeda dengan kontraksi dan tidak boleh dibingungkan.
Pola: Noun + ‘s (untuk kepemilikan)
| Kalimat | Terjemahan | Keterangan |
|---|---|---|
| John’s book | Buku milik John | Kepemilikan |
| The teacher’s desk | Meja milik guru | Kepemilikan |
| My sister’s car | Mobil milik saudara perempuan saya | Kepemilikan |
Tabel Perbandingan Tiga Fungsi ‘s
| Fungsi ‘s | Bentuk Lengkap | Diikuti Oleh | Contoh |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kontraksi “is” | is | verb-ing / adjective / noun | He’s working. / He’s happy. / He’s a doctor. |
| Kontraksi “has” | has | verb-3 | He’s finished. |
| Kepemilikan | – | noun | John’s book. |
Kesalahan Umum
| Salah | Benar | Penjelasan |
|---|---|---|
| He’s listen to music. | He’s listening to music. / He’s listened to music. | Setelah ‘s harus ada verb-ing atau verb-3. |
| She’s work yesterday. | She worked yesterday. | Untuk past tense, tidak gunakan ‘s. |
| He’s go to school. | He’s gone to school. | Setelah ‘s = has, gunakan verb-3 (gone). |
| She’s study English for 2 years. | She’s studied English for 2 years. | Verb-3 dari study adalah studied. |
| The boy’s playing. (tanpa konteks) | The boy is playing. | Bisa ambigu: kepemilikan atau sedang bermain. |
Tips Membedakan dengan Cepat
| Lihat Kata Berikutnya | Kesimpulan | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| verb-ing (berakhiran -ing) | ‘s = is | He’s sleeping. (He is sleeping.) |
| verb-3 berakhiran -ed | ‘s = has | He’s worked. (He has worked.) |
| verb-3 tidak beraturan | ‘s = has | He’s gone. (He has gone.) |
| adjective (kata sifat) | ‘s = is | He’s happy. (He is happy.) |
| noun (kata benda) | ‘s = is | He’s a teacher. (He is a teacher.) |
| noun milik seseorang | ‘s = kepemilikan | John’s car. (Mobil milik John.) |
Latihan Singkat
A. Tentukan apakah ‘s berarti “is” atau “has”:
- She’s reading a book. _
- He’s finished his homework. _
- They’re playing football. _
- It’s stopped raining. _
- She’s written a letter. _
- He’s working in the office. _
- The cat’s sleeping on the sofa. _
- My brother’s gone to Jakarta. _
B. Ubah kalimat menjadi bentuk lengkap:
- He’s listening to music. → _____
- She’s visited Bali twice. → _____
- It’s raining outside. → _____
- They’ve finished the project. → _____
- He’s eaten breakfast. → _____
C. Lengkapi dengan ‘s = is atau ‘s = has:
- He _ (work) on a new project now.
- She _ (write) three books so far.
- They _ (watch) TV in the living room.
- It _ (snow) since this morning.
- My father _ (go) to the office.
Kunci Jawaban:
A. Tentukan ‘s = is atau ‘s = has:
- is (diikuti verb-ing: reading)
- has (diikuti verb-3: finished)
- is (diikuti verb-ing: playing)
- has (diikuti verb-3: stopped)
- has (diikuti verb-3: written)
- is (diikuti verb-ing: working)
- is (diikuti verb-ing: sleeping)
- has (diikuti verb-3: gone)
B. Ubah ke bentuk lengkap:
- He is listening to music.
- She has visited Bali twice.
- It is raining outside.
- They have finished the project.
- He has eaten breakfast.
C. Lengkapi kalimat:
- He’s working (is working) – sedang berlangsung sekarang
- She’s written (has written) – sudah menulis 3 buku
- They’re watching (are watching) – sedang menonton
- It’s been snowing (has been snowing) – sejak pagi
- My father’s gone (has gone) – sudah pergi
Tips Penggunaan
Lihat kata berikutnya: Jika setelah ‘s ada verb-ing, maka ‘s = is. Jika ada verb-3 (-ed atau irregular), maka ‘s = has.
Ingat pola tense:
- Present Progressive: is + verb-ing (sedang berlangsung)
- Present Perfect: has + verb-3 (sudah selesai)
Kata kerja tidak beraturan: Hafalkan verb-3 dari kata kerja tidak beraturan yang sering digunakan seperti go-gone, write-written, see-seen, do-done, eat-eaten.
Hindari ambigu: Dalam penulisan formal, kadang lebih baik menulis bentuk lengkap “is” atau “has” untuk menghindari kebingungan.
Possessive ‘s: Jangan campuradukkan dengan kontraksi. “John’s book” berarti buku milik John, bukan “John is book” atau “John has book”.