Irregular verbs atau kata kerja tidak beraturan adalah kata kerja yang bentuk past tense dan past participle-nya tidak mengikuti aturan penambahan -ed. Dalam bahasa Inggris, irregular verbs sangat penting karena banyak digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari. Berbeda dengan regular verbs yang cukup menambahkan -ed untuk membentuk past tense, irregular verbs memiliki bentuk yang unik dan harus dihafal. Artikel ini menyajikan daftar irregular verbs yang paling sering digunakan dalam bentuk tabel yang mudah dipahami.
Struktur Tabel Irregular Verbs
Untuk memudahkan pembelajaran, irregular verbs dapat disusun dalam tabel dengan format berikut:
| Kolom | Isi | Keterangan |
|---|---|---|
| A | Infinitive | Bentuk dasar kata kerja |
| B | Simple Past | Bentuk lampau |
| C | Past Participle | Bentuk participle |
| D | Affirmative (1st person) | Kalimat positif dengan “I” |
| E | Affirmative (3rd person) | Kalimat positif dengan “he/she/it” |
Contoh Lengkap: GO
Berikut contoh bagaimana satu irregular verb digunakan dalam berbagai bentuk kalimat:
| Bentuk | Infinitive | Simple Past | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | to go | went | gone |
| Persona | Present | Simple Past | Present Perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| I (1st person) | I go | I went | I have gone |
| He (3rd person) | he goes | he went | he has gone |
| Persona | Present Negative | Past Negative | Perfect Negative |
|---|---|---|---|
| I (1st person) | I don’t go | I didn’t go | I haven’t gone |
| He (3rd person) | he doesn’t go | he didn’t go | he hasn’t gone |
Tabel Irregular Verbs yang Paling Sering Digunakan
Berikut adalah daftar irregular verbs yang paling umum digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris sehari-hari:
| Infinitive | Simple Past | Past Participle | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| be | was/were | been | menjadi |
| beat | beat | beaten | memukul |
| become | became | become | menjadi |
| begin | began | begun | mulai |
| bet | bet | bet | bertaruh |
| blow | blew | blown | meniup |
| break | broke | broken | memecahkan |
| bring | brought | brought | membawa |
| build | built | built | membangun |
| burst | burst | burst | meletus |
| buy | bought | bought | membeli |
| catch | caught | caught | menangkap |
| choose | chose | chosen | memilih |
| come | came | come | datang |
| cost | cost | cost | berbiaya |
| cut | cut | cut | memotong |
| deal | dealt | dealt | berurusan |
| do | did | done | melakukan |
| draw | drew | drawn | menggambar |
| drink | drank | drunk | minum |
| drive | drove | driven | mengemudi |
| eat | ate | eaten | makan |
| fall | fell | fallen | jatuh |
| feed | fed | fed | memberi makan |
| feel | felt | felt | merasa |
| fight | fought | fought | berkelahi |
| find | found | found | menemukan |
| fly | flew | flown | terbang |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | lupa |
| freeze | froze | frozen | membeku |
| get | got | got/gotten | mendapatkan |
| give | gave | given | memberi |
| go | went | gone | pergi |
| grow | grew | grown | tumbuh |
| hang | hung | hung | menggantung |
| have | had | had | memiliki |
| hear | heard | heard | mendengar |
| hide | hid | hidden | bersembunyi |
| hit | hit | hit | memukul |
| hold | held | held | memegang |
| hurt | hurt | hurt | melukai |
| keep | kept | kept | menyimpan |
| know | knew | known | tahu |
| lay | laid | laid | meletakkan |
| lead | led | led | memimpin |
| leave | left | left | meninggalkan |
| lend | lent | lent | meminjamkan |
| let | let | let | membiarkan |
| lie | lay | lain | berbaring |
| light | lit | lit | menyalakan |
| lose | lost | lost | kehilangan |
| make | made | made | membuat |
| mean | meant | meant | bermaksud |
| meet | met | met | bertemu |
| pay | paid | paid | membayar |
| put | put | put | meletakkan |
| read | read | read | membaca |
| ride | rode | ridden | naik |
| ring | rang | rung | berbunyi |
| rise | rose | risen | bangkit |
| run | ran | run | berlari |
| say | said | said | mengatakan |
| see | saw | seen | melihat |
| sell | sold | sold | menjual |
| send | sent | sent | mengirim |
| set | set | set | mengatur |
| shake | shook | shaken | mengguncang |
| shine | shone | shone | bersinar |
| shoot | shot | shot | menembak |
| show | showed | shown | menunjukkan |
| shut | shut | shut | menutup |
| sing | sang | sung | menyanyi |
| sink | sank | sunk | tenggelam |
| sit | sat | sat | duduk |
| sleep | slept | slept | tidur |
| slide | slid | slid | meluncur |
| speak | spoke | spoken | berbicara |
| spend | spent | spent | menghabiskan |
| spring | sprang | sprung | melompat |
| stand | stood | stood | berdiri |
| steal | stole | stolen | mencuri |
| stick | stuck | stuck | menempel |
| swear | swore | sworn | bersumpah |
| sweep | swept | swept | menyapu |
| swim | swam | swum | berenang |
| swing | swung | swung | berayun |
| take | took | taken | mengambil |
| teach | taught | taught | mengajar |
| tear | tore | torn | merobek |
| tell | told | told | menceritakan |
| think | thought | thought | berpikir |
| throw | threw | thrown | melempar |
| understand | understood | understood | mengerti |
| wake | woke | woken | bangun |
| wear | wore | worn | memakai |
| weave | wove | woven | menenun |
| win | won | won | menang |
| write | wrote | written | menulis |
Catatan Penting
Bentuk regular alternatif: Beberapa kata kerja dapat menggunakan bentuk regular (-ed) sebagai alternatif. Tren dalam bahasa Inggris modern, terutama American English, adalah menstandardisasi kata kerja tidak beraturan. Beberapa variasi minor pada kata-kata yang jarang digunakan mungkin akan menghilang dalam beberapa generasi ke depan.
Kata kerja yang sekarang menggunakan bentuk regular (-ed):
| Infinitive | Simple Past | Past Participle | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| burn | burned | burned | membakar |
| dream | dreamed | dreamed | bermimpi |
| learn | learned | learned | belajar |
| smell | smelled | smelled | mencium |
| spell | spelled | spelled | mengeja |
Contoh Penggunaan dalam Kalimat
Berikut contoh bagaimana irregular verbs digunakan dalam berbagai tense:
| Verb | Present | Simple Past | Present Perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| go | I go to school every day. | I went to Jakarta yesterday. | I have gone to Bali twice. |
| do | She does her homework. | She did the laundry. | She has done the dishes. |
| see | He sees his grandmother. | He saw a movie last night. | He has seen that film. |
| take | They take the bus. | They took a taxi. | They have taken the train. |
| write | I write emails. | I wrote a letter. | I have written a report. |
Tips Menghafal Irregular Verbs
Kelompokkan berdasarkan pola: Banyak irregular verbs memiliki pola yang sama. Misalnya, kata kerja dengan pola i-a-u: sing-sang-sung, ring-rang-rung, swim-swam-swum, drink-drank-drunk.
Hafal bertahap: Jangan menghafal semua sekaligus. Pelajari 10-15 kata per hari dan ulangi secara berkala.
Gunakan dalam kalimat: Buat contoh kalimat dengan setiap kata kerja untuk memperkuat ingatan.
Perhatikan kemiripan: Beberapa kata kerja mirip tapi berbeda bentuk, seperti lie-lay-lain (berbaring) dan lay-laid-laid (meletakkan).
Latihan Singkat
Isi bentuk yang tepat dari irregular verbs:
- She _ (buy) a new car yesterday.
- I have never _ (see) such a beautiful sunset.
- They _ (go) to the beach last weekend.
- He has _ (write) three books so far.
- We _ (eat) dinner at 7 PM last night.
- The children _ (run) to the park this morning.
- She has _ (take) the test twice.
- I _ (forget) my keys at home yesterday.
Kunci Jawaban:
- bought
- seen
- went
- written
- ate
- ran
- taken
- forgot